CONCEPTIONS OF MAN ON THE IN HEALTH - DISEASE. Since ancient times as it marks the history of the health-disease process suffered a series of transitions as the man who conceived within your environment, in the Paleolithic era was the concept of magic where everything attributed to the supernatural being actors main sorcerers or shamans, time in Greece comes after the natural health being a necessity for living a little closer to the current methods such as clinical, epidemiological and environmental aspects, from classical antiquity comes the conception of the ideal or utopian difficult to measure, and to exist where the methods were basically modeling unaffordable health, and from its origins back to this physiologic somatic medicine emerges, approaching the concept of health as absence of disease, the methods used are the body scan, tests signs and symptoms, and tests several. In the early eighteenth century conception arises attributed to psychological health as it is not tangible body scanning methods using as individual psychiatrist, psychoanalysis, and group technique.
The design incorporates health Health as a positive state and collective. By studying the social transmission of the disease, based on prevention, history shows prophylactic measures since antiquity and developed in the scientific method from the 19th century whose disciplines are social and preventive medicine, public health and sanitation, using methods working as a health survey population and its environment, making based health programs in epidemiology, providing health education through the strengthening of individual prevention.
For the economist and social economic conceptions some resemblance exists that its characteristic note see health as a condition of the human factor productivity. Measuring the value of health and cost of the disease first appears in mid-twentieth century in industrialized countries and the other after the second world war, working methods and the analysis of costs and alternatives for disease investments in health through health science research: epidemiological, statistical method, anthropological, sociological, economic policy, health economics, demographic and psychological.
The last known legal political conception, which is characteristic note of health as a universal right and obligation to have legal recognition and state participation based on human rights, which arises from the political revolutions in social insurance schemes and social security, whose disciplines are fundamental rights, social security to health care, working methods based on the same social security legislation resulting from political agendas.
Health behavior. They are linked with Lifestyle which is defined as "the set of behavioral patterns and daily habits of a person" becomes a way of life, the cone is related aspects of health.
The cultural influence that individuals or groups receive is very important in this lifestyle. The culture with its values and customs to provide explicit or implied values for certain aspects of health and disease, which at first may seem a disease, then may involve health issues.
The cult of image and beauty today, they displayed diseases like Anorexia. In the lifestyle of people, can take different types of behavior to protect or promote and maintain health behaviors are called preventive behavior.
Preventive behaviors: are based on body care, sports, good food, personal hygiene ... These behaviors are acquired by:
a. Learning by direct experience
b. Learning Vicar or molding.
Will be important in the process of health and disease. At certain times people with these health behaviors can become a habit of Health.
Health Habits: These are behaviors related to their health that are firmly established and rooted in the individual's behavioral repertoire. Are put into operation an automatic and have a clear conscience if it (eg personal hygiene). Learned behaviors to be acquired, maintained, and become extinct following the Laws of Learning.
Characteristic of Health Behavior:
They are characterized by:
1. They are unstable.
2. They are autonomous with little or no relationship between the different behaviors of the same person (eg a person who leads a very healthy food and life and at one point abused snuff)
A person, to launch a Health Behavior, must perceive a threat because it always involves a behavioral health effort in that threat is the subceptibilidad and perceived severity. The threat may be related to demographic variables and psychosocial benefits to conduct operational and cost. Are based on the threat of media campaigns, local disease at the individual and mass information. The costs and benefits related to these demographic and psychosocial variables. Eg in rural displacement is given to vaccinate, this is beneficial regardless of the cost. Major hazards are prevented, psychosocial variables contribute to the benefit and cost.
Psychological reactions to disease are very important for us because the disease will be an experience for us and is consciously or unconsciously on the individual, making their mark. This experience is ascribed in psychic phenomena or internalization of the individual. It is a physiological reaction provoked by an intensely lived experience.
The experience of the disease will be full of great elements, the person is going to live as a situation of inability to perform your needs. It's frustrating to conduct psychic unpleasure generated.
There are the following elements in humans:
1. Disability because the individual blocks.
2. Discomforts physical and psychic pain.
3. Threat ... Insulation, the only disease the patient lives with PKU.
4. Anomaly; because I'm not like the others and I can not do what others.
5. Fear of pain is one of the most important aspects of being human.
6. Rupture of the existential project.
The disease is going to engage in the type of disease, as acute or chronic, will change the prognosis and outcome, age will also influence whether child age, adult or old age. Because the disease will live differently. Sex also influences, whether male or female will live differently and generate a different situation around them. The family culture / society is the same throughout the disease, it will generate a family crisis, illness of a family member produces a change in the family system, the whole family is affected. Family's response to this situation may lead to dysfunction reactions, giving family vulnerability. Impact reactions occur. When we talk about chronic diseases, the adaptation process will have a number of implications.
Family vulnerabilities. 1. Type of disease concerned.
2. Structure and family dynamics:
a. Degree of permeability of boundaries. (Referring to the reality of limits, both in the family system and the social. The responsibility is not defined and passed to another member).
b. Response style of the family. (Family which turns to the sick patient generates dependence den, and block relationships. It provides emotional support).
3. Existing stressors in family life. (Time at which the disease occurs, stress factors can be internal or external).
4. Family capacity to cope with the situation. (Depends on the structure of the family dynamics of reorganization in similar moments of crisis, family capacity to express feelings, thoughts,
5.
Social networks. PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO THE DISEASE.
It need not be permanent psychological reactions, because if you become healthy again usually recover previous psychological state.
a. Regression: very common reaction. Refers to a child's behavior does not correspond to chronological age and is motivated by the disease itself because a healthy person with an active role becomes ill with a passive role for the state of dependence and the hospital environment, because loses its identity to be a number or object of care. The subject exhibits childlike and childish features. It can occur in any stage regression can be:
a.1 .- Passive or Dependent: to leave the active role and move to the passive role, the person ceases to be itself and depends on others.
a.2 .- Hospital Setting: The patient becomes moody and rebellious, he loses his identity and becomes the object of care. As embodied in an adult, irritability, difficult professional tasks. food, medicines rebels may be afraid of being alone, neglect of hygiene habits, accuses the environment of not trying in his care, called incompetent and have low frustration tolerance, are elderly and adolescents. In children this is normal behavior.
b. Incrimination: Involves self-punitive mechanisms and occurs when the patient feels guilty about his illness. Is isolated and depressed. Occurs mainly in patients with AIDS by their lifestyle. c. Avoidance: It is used as an escape from life's difficulties if. Exaggerate symptoms and minimize the effects of treatment. In some people live show or his illness as something unbearable and resort to alcohol and drugs.
We consider two points:
- Retraction or narrowing of the horizon of the patient involving the breaking of ties with their social environment. This retraction is welcomed as a legitimate situation to avoid further unpleasant. Through the disease attempt evasion of the problem and break with family or social ties that are unpleasant (do not get along with her husband's family and send the doctor put that discourages visits). - Introversion that can be given to shrink and occurs when the interests of the patient are in the same place egocentrism leaving foreign affairs to focus on if problem occurs in a component with introverted personalities.
d. Denial of Reality: It can be partially or completely and refuses or is disease downplays it. Implications are avoided. Diagnosis is given to producing an obstacle to rapid treatment, occurs in patients with coronary disorders and cancer and also appears after diagnosis. This reaction will diminish patient anxiety levels. Protective function. Partial when the diagnosis is tuberculosis and says he has a cold and Dx is the total cancer and says he has nothing.
e. Delivery to the disease: From 3 dimensions:
- Masochist: Patients who live with the disease as a punishment deserved and fair.
- Acquisitions: those who seek to profit from his illness for the release of liability and requires external assistance. (Accidents at work)
- Hypochondriacs: patients who were disease generates an observation of his body and proliferation of their fears (hypochondriac).
f. Anxiety Reaction: From the clinical point of view is a complex emotion, diffuse and unpleasant is expressed feelings of fear, tension, emotion and somatic courtship. It is about fear but differ in that this is a feeling produced by a present or imminent danger and anxiety is the anticipation of danger, because vague and less comprehensible. In fear identify the threat, not anxiety.
The anxiety has been studied as a personality trait or characteristic, is the internal arrangement of the individual to appear or to act in a way anxious regardless of the situation. Fluctuations occur between anxiety - state, fluctuations in anxiety over time.
Anxiety is manifested by: 1. Cognitive Levels: Feelings of apprehension, emotional stress, fear, difficulty to overcome low self-esteem problems.
2. Physiological Levels: SNA activity (increased heart rate, TA. Palpitations), cardiovascular system, respiratory abnormalities (hyperventilation) and Muscular System.
3. Motor level: They come to be the result of interaction of physiological and cognitive interaction. It is characterized by tremors, stuttering, not even a word, panic.
In a study of 80, physiological response in patients with a level of anxiety was given:
- Download of adrenaline.
- Glucose in the blood.
- Acceleration of keystrokes.
- Increased size and breathing rate.
- Quick Change T ยช and blood pressure.
- Urge to urinate
- Possible amendment to the amount of menstruation.
Appropriate reactions to anxiety are:
- Overcoming illness, serenity, desire for healing and collaboration.
- Reaction to resignation
- Reactions of the onset of the disease, whether this involves a rethinking of his life.
Within the nursing actions that can generate anxiety, are:
1. ER, altered dates.
2. Changes in the plans.
3. Difficulties in interpersonal communication.
4. When there are frequent changes of personnel.
5. When the patient is unaware that such evidence or instrument is used.
6. When speaking behind the patient with other family members (family / doctor).
7. When authoritarian activities and give overly strict disciplinary regimes.
8. In situations of unvaried diet and tasteless.
9. The type of decorating the wards.
10. Cohabitation with more serious cases.
11. Type of regulation of visitation.
12. In pre-and post-surgical situations.
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